PSG has now won the prestigious cup on 14 different occasions.
The Parisian giants needed a dramatic leveler followed by a successful spot-kick decider to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a record-extending fourth consecutive Trophee des Champions title.
The European champions appeared to be coasting towards a comfortable triumph in the showdown featuring the French league champions and the Coupe de France holders after the French winger found the scoring early on.
Yet, the southern French side struck two times in the closing moments to take a shock advantage. First, Mason Greenwood converted from the penalty spot, before Willian Pacho inadvertently directed the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a breathtaking twist of events, Goncalo Ramos snatched a vital equaliser in the final moments to send the match into a deciding shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then emerged as the hero, saving crucial attempts from Matt O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, Vitinha, Nuno Mendes, and the young talent all converted successfully for PSG to complete a convincing shootout win.
Now 14-time winners Paris Saint-Germain, who faced last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Marseille after achieving a league and cup double, have now won this trophy for the twelfth time in the past 13 seasons.